Fadel Dawod/Getty Images
- Syrian dictator Bashar Assad has resigned and fled his country.
- Rebel forces said they seized control of the capital, Damascus.
- The collapse of Assad’s government could have major global implications.
Syrians around the world celebrated as rebels, after more than a decadelong fight, finally toppled the country’s longtime leader, Bashar Assad, on Sunday.
The Russian foreign ministry said on Sunday that Assad had resigned from his position as Syrian president and left the country. Russian state news reported that Assad had arrived in Moscow, where he’s been granted asylum.
Syrian anti-government forces announced early on Sunday morning that they had advanced into Damascus, Syria’s capital.
In a post on social media, rebel commander Hassan Abdul-Ghani said: “We declare Damascus free from the tyrant Bashar al-Assad.”
“Today 8-12-2024 Syria is officially free,” he added in a later post.
Hassan Akkad, who fled Syria in 2015 and is now based in the UK, posted to X, “Syria is free. Syria is free. Syria is free. Syria is free. Syria is free. Syria is free. Syria is free.”
World leaders react
President-elect Donald Trump said on Truth Social on Sunday that Assad had “fled his country” after losing Russia’s support.
“Assad is gone,” Trump wrote. “His protector, Russia, Russia, Russia, led by Vladimir Putin, was not interested in protecting him any longer.”
In a press briefing on Sunday, President Joe Biden called the fall of Assad’s government “a fundamental act of justice” and “a moment of opportunity for the long-suffering people of Syria to build a better future for their proud country.”
Biden said the US would support Syria’s neighbors Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, and Israel “should any threat arise from Syria during this transition.” Biden said the United States would also “maintain our mission against ISIS” inside the country, referring to the terrorist group operating in the region.
The US military conducted at least a dozen airstrikes inside Syria on Sunday, “targeting ISIS camps and ISIS operatives,” Biden said.
The United States will also support Syria through the United Nations to create a new government through a process determined by the Syrian people, Biden said.
“The United States will do whatever we can to support them, including through humanitarian relief, to help restore Syria after more than a decade of war and generational brutality by the Assad family,” Biden said.
Secretary of State Antony Blinken, in a Sunday statement, echoed the president’s sentiment, saying the US “will support international efforts to hold the Assad regime and its backers accountable for atrocities and abuses perpetrated against the Syrian people, including the use of chemical weapons and the unjust detention of civilians such as Austin Tice.”
The Syrian people, Blinken added, “finally have reason for hope.”
Kaja Kallas, the European Union’s High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, called Assad’s resignation “a positive and long-awaited development.”
“It also shows the weakness of Assad’s backers, Russia and Iran,” Kallas said in a statement. “Our priority is to ensure security in the region. I will work with all the constructive partners in Syria and in the region.”
Geir Pedersen, the UN’s Special Envoy for Syria, said in a statement, “Today marks a watershed moment in Syria’s history.”
How rebels took control of Aleppo
In late November, the coalition of rebel groups launched a surprise offensive led by Hayat Tahrir al-Sham, or HTS, which traces its origins to the Al Qaeda terrorist network. It has more recently promoted more moderate views.
The rebels quickly took control of Aleppo, one of Syria’s largest cities, Hama, and the strategic city of Homs, which sits at an important crossroads linking Damascus to the coast.
Abu Mohammad al-Jolani, the leader of HTS, is a Syrian who fought against US occupation in Iraq with Al Qaeda. He is believed to have cut ties with the terrorist organization in 2016 but is still designated a terrorist by the US, which has placed a $10 million bounty on his head.
Al-Jolani has sought to portray himself as a more moderate leader and promoted messages of religious and ethnic inclusivity as HTS pushed toward Damascus. Still, HTS has a reputation as a hardline Islamist faction.
“This victory, my brothers, is a victory for the entire Islamic nation,” Al-Jolani said in a speech to his followers this weekend, per a translation by CNN. “This new triumph, my brothers, marks a new chapter in the history of the region.”
What Assad’s ousting means for Russia and Iran
The collapse of Assad’s government could have significant global implications, especially for Russia and Iran, which have been two of Assad’s strongest allies.
Moscow operates two major military facilities in Syria — the Hmeimim airbase and the Tartus naval base — which have given its forces crucial access to the Mediterranean Sea and a base to launch operations into Africa.
Losing access to these bases would scupper many of Russian President Vladimir Putin’s plans in the region, Zineb Riboua, a research fellow and program manager at the Hudson Institute’s Center for Peace and Security in the Middle East, wrote on X: “Without a strong Russian military base in Syria, all of Putin’s plans collapse.”
While Russia intervened to prop up Assad in 2015, its priorities have since shifted to the war in Ukraine, and it had appeared reluctant to divert any significant resources to help Assad this time around.
On Sunday, Russia’s foreign ministry said there was no security threat to its military bases in Syria but that they were on high alert.
For Iran, Syria has been part of an important land corridor stretching from Tehran to Baghdad, Damascus, and Beirut, helping it support key regional proxies such as the Lebanese militant group Hezbollah.
“For Iran, Syria is absolutely essential in order to maintain its proxy network,” Natasha Hall, a senior fellow with the Middle East Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, previously told Business Insider.
But Tehran, too, has been distracted by its conflict with Israel, while Hezbollah has been left in disarray after Israel killed its longtime leader and wounded thousands of its fighters with exploding pagers and walkie-talkies.
Israel, for its part, welcomed the fall of Assad, but took almost immediate military action that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said was motivated by security concerns.
Netanyahu said on Sunday that he had ordered troops into a buffer zone at Israel’s border with Syria. He described it as a “temporary defensive position.”
On Monday, Israeli Foreign Minister Gideon Saar also said that Israel had attacked “strategic weapons systems, residual chemical weapon capabilities, and long-range missiles and rockets” in Syria to prevent them from falling into the hands of extremist groups, per CNN.
In a separate post on TruthSocial on Saturday, Trump called on the United States to stay out of the situation in Syria, writing: “Syria is a mess, but is not our friend, & THE UNITED STATES SHOULD HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH IT. THIS IS NOT OUR FIGHT. LET IT PLAY OUT. DO NOT GET INVOLVED!”
This story is being updated as the situation unfolds.
